First Principles & Classical Tools
Connect physical models, diagrams, and approximations to controller design.
Foundational Tools
Mechanical models
Masses, springs, dampers, pendulums, vehicles, and robotics.
Electrical models
Circuits, motors, power converters, and sensors.
Process-control models
Tanks, reactors, heat exchangers, distillation columns, and transport delays.
Computing & network models
Queues, congestion control, admission control, web servers, and resource-management loops.
Biological models
Gene regulation, physiological feedback, neural circuits, and biological switching examples.
Pharmacokinetic models
Drug administration and compartment models connecting dose, concentration, and effect.
Population dynamics models
Growth, carrying capacity, predator-prey interaction, and ecological feedback examples.
Robotics & vehicle models
Kinematics, rigid-body dynamics, tire/ground interaction, and actuator dynamics.
Aerospace & pointing models
Satellite attitude, antenna azimuth, aircraft landing, and servomotor dynamics.
Thrust vector control
Uses gimbaled or vectored thrust and nested attitude-position loops in rockets and VTOL aircraft.
Operational-amplifier models
Use high-gain electronics and feedback interconnections to model analog circuits and controllers.
Atomic-force-microscope models
Model nanopositioning, piezo actuation, and tip-sample interaction for precision feedback.
Power-system models
Generator, grid-interconnection, and topology identification examples.
Precision motion models
Flexible structures, disk-drive servos, voice-coil actuators, runout, and amplifier saturation.
Linearization
Connects nonlinear first-principles models to linear design workflows.
Transfer functions
Connect physical equations to classical feedback design.
Block diagrams
Organize plant, controller, actuator, sensor, reference, disturbance, and noise paths.
Safety constraints
Define forbidden states, operating envelopes, and acceptable risk.